Resumen
Objetivo. Analizar el papel de la genética predictiva en la medicina personalizada, sus beneficios clínicos y los principales retos éticos y sociales que enfrenta su implementación en México, con énfasis en la equidad y la justicia social en el acceso a servicios genómicos. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión narrativa de la literatura reciente y del contexto nacional, integrando evidencia clínica, datos estadísticos sobre seguridad del paciente y análisis bioético de los principios de autonomía, beneficencia, no maleficencia y justicia. Resultados. La genética predictiva permite anticipar enfermedades y diseñar tratamientos individualizados, favoreciendo la transición hacia una medicina preventiva. Sus aplicaciones incluyen tamizajes poblacionales, asesoramiento familiar y decisiones terapéuticas. Sin embargo, en México persisten barreras estructurales: infraestructura insuficiente, escasa capacitación médica, altos costos de pruebas y desigualdades territoriales. Estas limitaciones generan una “medicina de dos velocidades”, con acceso restringido en el sistema público y sobreinformación en el privado. La evidencia demuestra que la atención centrada en la persona mejora la eficiencia clínica sin prolongar significativamente la consulta, mientras que la comunicación bidireccional y el uso de "decision aids" fortalecen la autonomía y la calidad del consentimiento informado. Conclusiones. La genética predictiva tiene un potencial transformador, pero su valor depende de garantizar acceso equitativo y respetuoso de la diversidad cultural. Democratizar la medicina genómica en México exige fortalecer la infraestructura pública, capacitar profesionales, proteger datos genéticos y diseñar políticas inclusivas. Se propone el modelo del “camino ético del paciente genómico”, que integra cinco etapas —evaluación de riesgo, consentimiento informado, interpretación clínica, comunicación familiar y seguimiento ético— como guía para decisiones clínicas justas y responsables. La medicina personalizada solo será legítima si se sustenta en principios bioéticos y justicia social.
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