Palabras clave
gestación
obesidad materna
programación del desarrollo (DOHaD)
transición nutricional
|
Resumen
En los mamíferos, la gestación es un proceso que involucra una serie de adaptaciones fisiológicas normales en el organismo materno que permiten el crecimiento de un nuevo individuo. Es conocido que para que exista un adecuado desarrollo de órganos y sistemas fetales debe existir un equilibrio entre los factores maternos y ambientales. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas se ha descrito que la exposición de mujeres embarazadas a ambientes desfavorables, como un estado de malnutrición, trae consigo efectos negativos no sólo a la salud materna, sino también genera un ambiente intrauterino adverso que predispone a la descendencia a padecer enfermedades crónicodegenerativas desde su nacimiento o en la vida adulta. Por esta razón, el concepto conocido como programación del desarrollo, Orígenes del Desarrollo de la Salud y la Enfermedad por sus siglas en inglés (DOHaD), se ha enfocado en explicar la relación entre la exposición a determinados factores ambientales y sociales durante la vida fetal y la aparición de alguna patología. El objetivo de esta revisión es ofrecer un panorama general de cómo es que un individuo, puede ser susceptible a padecer enfermedades metabólicas, debido a los diversos factores ambientales, a los que podría estar expuesta la madre durante etapas vulnerables de la vida y cómo es que el consumo de dietas altas en grasa durante la gestación puede ser perjudicial para la progenie, enfatizando la importancia del cuidado durante el embarazo en cuanto a aspectos físicos, psicosociales y nutricionales, de tal manera que se concientice a la población en general de la importancia de que las mujeres gestantes cuenten con un entorno saludable.
Referencias
1. Goldstein JA, Gallagher K, Beck C, Kumar R, Gernand AD. Maternal-Fetal Inflammation in the Placenta and the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Front Immunol. 2020;11:531543. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33281808
2. Kumaran K, Osmond C, Fall CHD. Early Origins of Cardiometabolic Disease. In: Prabhakaran D, Anand S, Gaziano TA, Mbanya JC, Wu Y, Nugent R, editors. Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Related Disorders. 3rd ed. Washington (DC)2017
3. Zambrano E, Ibanez C, Martinez-Samayoa PM, Lomas-Soria C, Durand-Carbajal M, RodriguezGonzalez GL. Maternal Obesity: Lifelong Metabolic Outcomes for Offspring from Poor Developmental Trajectories During the Perinatal Period. Arch Med Res. 2016;47(1):1-12. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26827819
4. Garczynska K, Tzschatzsch H, Kuhl AA, Morr AS, Lilaj L, Hackel A, et al. Changes in Liver Mechanical Properties and Water Diffusivity During Normal Pregnancy Are Driven by Cellular Hypertrophy. Front Physiol. 2020;11:605205. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33329058
5. Soma-Pillay P, Nelson-Piercy C, Tolppanen H, Mebazaa A. Physiological changes in pregnancy. Cardiovasc J Afr. 2016;27(2):89-94. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27213856
6. Hassiotou F, Geddes D. Anatomy of the human mammary gland: Current status of knowledge. Clin Anat. 2013;26(1):29-48. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22997014
7. Lobstein T, Brinsden H, Gill T, Kumanyika S, Swinburn B. Comment: obesity as a disease - some implications for the World Obesity Federation's advocacy and public health activities. Obes Rev. 2017;18(7):724-
6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28489340
8. Seidell JC. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes- -a worldwide epidemic. Br J Nutr. 2000;83 Suppl 1:S5-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10889785
9. Ramirez V, Bautista RJ, Frausto-Gonzalez O, Rodriguez-Pena N, Betancourt ET, Bautista CJ. Developmental Programming in Animal Models: Critical Evidence of Current Environmental Negative Changes. Reprod Sci. 2023;30(2):442- 63. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35697921
10. Perez-Herrera A, Cruz-Lopez M. [Childhood obesity: current situation in Mexico]. Nutr Hosp. 2019;36(2):463-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30866635
11. Sutton EF, Gilmore LA, Dunger DB, Heijmans BT, Hivert MF, Ling C, et al. Developmental programming: State-of-the-science and future directions-Summary from a Pennington Biomedical symposium. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016;24(5):1018-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27037645
12. Arima Y, Fukuoka H. Developmental origins of health and disease theory in cardiology. J Cardiol. 2020;76(1):14-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32115330
13. Ross MG, Desai M. Developmental programming of offspring obesity, adipogenesis, and appetite. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56(3):529-36. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23751877
14. Li M, Sloboda DM, Vickers MH. Maternal obesity and developmental programming of metabolic disorders in offspring: evidence from animal models. Exp Diabetes Res. 2011;2011:592408. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21969822
15. Rodriguez-Gonzalez GL, Reyes-Castro LA, Bautista CJ, Beltran AA, Ibanez CA, Vega CC, et al. Maternal obesity accelerates rat offspring metabolic ageing in a sex-dependent manner. J Physiol. 2019;597(23):5549- 63. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31591717
16. Physiological Society (Great Britain). The Journal of physiology. London: Cambridge University Press. p. volumes
17. Delpierre C, Lepeule J, Cordier S, Slama R, Heude B, Charles MA. [DOHaD: epidemiological researches]. Med Sci (Paris). 2016;32(1):21-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26850603
18. Yao S, Lopez-Tello J, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. Developmental programming of the female reproductive system-a review. Biol Reprod. 2021;104(4):745-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33354727
19. Barker DJ. The fetal and infant origins of adult disease. BMJ. 1990;301(6761):1111. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2252919
20. Roseboom T, de Rooij S, Painter R. The Dutch famine and its long-term consequences for adult health. Early Hum Dev. 2006;82(8):485-91. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16876341
21. Rodriguez-Gonzalez GL, Vargas-Hernandez L, ReyesCastro LA, Ibanez CA, Bautista CJ, Lomas-Soria C, et al. Resveratrol Supplementation in Obese Pregnant Rats Improves Maternal Metabolism and Prevents Increased Placental Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022;11(10). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36290594
22. Gillman MW, Barker D, Bier D, Cagampang F, Challis J, Fall C, et al. Meeting report on the 3rd International Congress on Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). Pediatr Res. 2007;61(5 Pt 1):625- 9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17413866
23. Phillips DI. Insulin resistance as a programmed response to fetal undernutrition. Diabetologia. 1996;39(9):1119-22. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8877298
24. Fernandez-Twinn DS, Hjort L, Novakovic B, Ozanne SE, Saffery R. Intrauterine programming of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2019;62(10):1789-801. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31451874
25. Beltrán A. La obesidad materna en la rata afecta el metabolismo de lípidos hepáticos de la progenie, el cual se acentúa con el envejecimiento. [https://tesiunam.dgb.unam.mx/F/7C7A1XSVSVMXEMCQ8DQ7FSL4FS5SEFTJYB2PJXUIF14QXYSCLD19938?func=full-set-set&set_number=364317&set_entry=000005&format=999]. Mexico City: UniversidadNacional Autonoma de México; 2020
26. Vilchis R. Efecto intergeneracional de la obesidad materna en rata, inducida por dieta rica en grasa, sobre la proporción de células beta maduras e inmaduras de los islotes pancreáticos de la descendencia. [https://tesiunam.dgb.unam.mx/F/7C7A1XSVSVMXEMCQ8DQ7FSL4FS5SEFTJYB2PJXUIF14QXYSCLD-17528?func=full-set-set&set_number=364273&set_entry=000002&format=999]. Ciudad de México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; 2022
27. Sata F. [Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) and Epidemiology]. Nihon Eiseigaku Zasshi. 2016;71(1):41-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26832616
28. Ornellas F, Souza-Mello V, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Programming of obesity and comorbidities in the progeny: lessons from a model of diet-induced obese parents. PLoS One. 2015;10(4):e0124737. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25880318
29. Robinson NB, Krieger K, Khan FM, Huffman W, Chang M, Naik A, et al. The current state of animal models in research: A review. Int J Surg. 2019;72:9- 13. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31627013
30. Ramírez V, Bautista RJ, Frausto-González O, Rodríguez-Peña N, Betancourt ET, Bautista CJJRS. Developmental Programming in Animal Models: Critical Evidence of Current Environmental Negative Changes. 2023;30(2):442-63
31. Sundrani DP, Roy SS, Jadhav AT, Joshi SR. Sex-specific differences and developmental programming for diseases in later life. Reprod Fertil Dev. 2017;29(11):2085-99. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28380326
32. Bermejo-Alvarez P, Rizos D, Lonergan P, GutierrezAdan A. Transcriptional sexual dimorphism during preimplantation embryo development and its consequences for developmental competence and adult health and disease. Reproduction.2011;141(5):563-70. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21339284
33. Zambrano E, Nathanielsz PW, Rodriguez-Gonzalez GL. Developmental programming and ageing of male reproductive function. Eur J Clin Invest. 2021;51(10):e13637. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34107063
34. Sanchez-Garrido MA, Garcia-Galiano D, TenaSempere M. Early programming of reproductive health and fertility: novel neuroendocrine mechanisms and implications in reproductive medicine. Hum Reprod Update. 2022;28(3):346-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35187579
35. Lopez N, Sanchez J, Palou A, Serra F. GenderAssociated Impact of Early Leucine Supplementation on Adult Predisposition to Obesity in Rats. Nutrients. 2018;10(1). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29329236
36. Bautista C, Montaño S, Ramirez V, Morales A, Nathanielsz P, Bobadilla N, et al. Changes in milk composition in obese rats consuming a high-fat diet.2016;115(3):538-46
37. Innis SMJTAjocn. Impact of maternal diet on human milk composition and neurological development of infants. 2014;99(3):734S-41S
38. Rodríguez‐González GL, Reyes‐Castro LA, Bautista CJ, Beltrán AA, Ibanez CA, Vega CC, et al. Maternal obesity accelerates rat offspring metabolic ageing in a sex‐dependent manner. 2019;597(23):5549-63
39. Romero-Martinez M, Shamah-Levy T, Vielma-Orozco E, Heredia-Hernandez O, Mojica-Cuevas J, CuevasNasu L, et al. [National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19: methodology and perspectives]. Salud Publica Mex. 2019;61(6):917-23. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31869555
40. Publica INdS. Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2021. Ciudad de México: 2021; 2021 [https://ensanut. insp.mx/encuestas/ensanutcontinua2021/informes.php]
41. Sivitz WI, Walsh SA, Morgan DA, Thomas MJ, Haynes WG. Effects of leptin on insulin sensitivity in normal rats. Endocrinology. 1997;138(8):3395- 401. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9231793
42. Lomas-Soria C, Reyes-Castro LA, Rodriguez-Gonzalez GL, Ibanez CA, Bautista CJ, Cox LA, et al. Maternal obesity has sex-dependent effects on insulin, glucose and lipid metabolism and the liver transcriptome in young adult rat offspring. J Physiol. 2018;596(19):4611- 28. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29972240
43. Guberman C, Jellyman JK, Han G, Ross MG, Desai M. Maternal high-fat diet programs rat offspring hypertension and activates the adipose renin-angiotensin system. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2013;209(3):262 e1-8. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23743273
44. Guo F, Jen KL. High-fat feeding during pregnancy and lactation affects offspring metabolism in rats. Physiol Behav. 1995;57(4):681-6. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7777603
45. Suter M, Bocock P, Showalter L, Hu M, Shope C, McKnight R, et al. Epigenomics: maternal high-fat diet exposure in utero disrupts peripheral circadian gene expression in nonhuman primates. FASEB J. 2011;25(2):714-26. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21097519
46. Ishimoto T, Lanaspa MA, Rivard CJ, Roncal-Jimenez CA, Orlicky DJ, Cicerchi C, et al. High-fat and highsucrose (western) diet induces steatohepatitis that is dependent on fructokinase. Hepatology. 2013;58(5):1632-43. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23813872
47. Wu H, Liu Y, Wang H, Xu X. High-fat diet induced insulin resistance in pregnant rats through pancreatic pax6 signaling pathway. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(5):5196-202. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26191217
48. Bocarsly ME, Barson JR, Hauca JM, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF, Avena NM. Effects of perinatal exposure to palatable diets on body weight and sensitivity to drugs of abuse in rats. Physiol Behav. 2012;107(4):568-75. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22564493
49. Shalev U, Tylor A, Schuster K, Frate C, Tobin S, Woodside B. Long-term physiological and behavioral effects of exposure to a highly palatable diet during the perinatal and post-weaning periods. Physiol Behav. 2010;101(4):494-502. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20688090
50. Davis C, Patte K, Levitan R, Reid C, Tweed S, Curtis C. From motivation to behaviour: a model of reward sensitivity, overeating, and food preferences in the risk profile for obesity. Appetite. 2007;48(1):12- 9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16875757
51. de Rezende LF, Rodrigues Lopes M, Rey-Lopez JP, Matsudo VK, Luiz Odo C. Sedentary behavior and health outcomes: an overview of systematic reviews. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e105620. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25144686
52. Fazzi C, Saunders DH, Linton K, Norman JE, Reynolds RM. Sedentary behaviours during pregnancy: a systematic review. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017;14(1):32. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/pubmed/28298219
53. Vickers MH, Breier BH, McCarthy D, Gluckman PD. Sedentary behavior during postnatal life is determined by the prenatal environment and exacerbated by postnatal hypercaloric nutrition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2003;285(1):R271-3. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12794001
54. Popkin BM, Adair LS, Ng SW. Global nutrition transition and the pandemic of obesity in developing countries. Nutr Rev. 2012;70(1):3-21. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22221213
55. Gordon-Larsen P, Harris KM, Ward DS, Popkin BM, National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent H. Acculturation and overweight-related behaviors among Hispanic immigrants to the US: the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Soc Sci Med. 2003;57(11):2023-34. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14512234
56. Popkin BM, Gordon-Larsen P. The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28 Suppl 3:S2- 9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15543214
57. Moreno-Altamirano L, Hernandez-Montoya D, Silberman M, Capraro S, Garcia-Garcia JJ, SotoEstrada G, et al. [The nutrition transition and the double burden of malnutrition: changes in dietary patterns 1961-2009 in the Mexican socioeconomic context]. Arch Latinoam Nutr. 2014;64(4):231-40. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26336718
58. Reyes-Puente AL, Pena-Portilla DG, Alcala-Reyes S, Rodriguez-Bustos L, Nunez JM. Changes in Food Environment Patterns in the Metropolitan Area of the Valley of Mexico, 2010-2020. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(15). Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35897330
59. Popkin BM, Reardon T. Obesity and the food system transformation in Latin America. Obes Rev. 2018;19(8):1028-64. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29691969
60. Popkin BM. Measuring the nutrition transition and its dynamics. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(2):318- 20. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33210584
61. Gutierrez-Robledo LM, Jacome-Maldonado LD, Gonzalez-Rivero CB, Lozano-Juarez LR, GarciaPena C. [Opportunity cost approximation of underage caregivers in Mexico]. Salud Publica Mex. 2021;63(4):530-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35078288
62. Popkin BM, Corvalan C, Grummer-Strawn LM. Dynamics of the double burden of malnutrition and the changing nutrition reality. Lancet. 2020;395(10217):65-74. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31852602
63. Monteiro FR, Buccini GDS, Venancio SI, da Costa THM. Influence of maternity leave on exclusive breastfeeding. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2017;93(5):475-81. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28734689
64. Lanigan J. Prevention of overweight and obesity in early life. Proc Nutr Soc. 2018;77(3):247-56. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29808786
65. Penkler M, Hanson M, Biesma R, Muller R. DOHaD in science and society: emergent opportunities and novel responsibilities. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2019;10(3):268-73. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30466503
66. Casanello P, Krause BJ, Castro-Rodriguez JA, Uauy R. [Fetal programming of chronic diseases: Current concepts and epigenetics]. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2015;86(3):135-7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26363854
67. Ismaili M'hamdi H, de Beaufort I, Jack B, Steegers EAP. Responsibility in the age of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) and epigenetics. J Dev Orig Health Dis. 2018;9(1):58-62. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28829006
68. Wolpert L. The public's belief about biology. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007;35(Pt 1):37-40. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17212585
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.